POU treatment of groundwater/surface water for potable use, direct treatment of stormwater at urban infiltration wells). For example, recent and ongoing projects in our lab have implemented an open-air cathode electrode design to efficiently produce hydrogen peroxide, which can be paired in-line with low-cost UV lamps to perform advanced oxidation on a variety of water sources (i.e. In this manner, we develop simple, scalable modular electrochemical units that can be implemented in a variety of systems. While much of the research on electrochemical water treatment systems has focused on direct electrochemical oxidation of recalcitrant organic contaminants through the development of specialized electrode materials, our work aims to utilize the already well defined capabilities of electrodes to produce useful chemical reagents. With ongoing maturity of robust off-grid energy technology, the potential for global implementation of electrochemical treatment systems for point-of-use (POU) and decentralized applications is ever growing. These technologies are attractive as module units that are easily scalable to meet the needs of a wide range of users, from single-family households to industrial manufacturers. In conclusion, the negative impact of EO effluent on the VFCW and evapotranspiration of the VFCW should be considered during application.Electrochemical processes have garnered attention in recent years for their application in treating water and wastewater. Moreover, significant water loss was observed in the VFCW due to evapotranspiration. These toxic EO by-products were removed substantially in the VFCW during EO-VFCW treatment but did impact the removal efficiency and viability of the VFCW. This toxicity was the result of the production of unwanted chlorinated organic compounds and ClO 3 − and ClO 4 − by both the BDD- and MMO-anode during EO. However, the EO resulted in highly toxic effluent to Vibrio fischeri and the plants in the VFCW. The integrated VFCW-EO systems removed more organic chemicals, such as COD, TOC, and the corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole than the EO-VFCW systems. In the present study, the pre-treatment of CTBD by a combination of electrochemical oxidation (EO) with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) or mixed-metal oxide (MMO) anode and a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was assessed in both possible configurations. This reuse requires CTBD desalination and a pre-treatment that removes organic chemicals before physico-chemical desalination technologies to be applied efficiently. Cooling towers discharge saline cooling tower blowdown (CTBD), and the reuse of CTBD in the cooling tower can lower the industrial freshwater footprint. A substantial part of the freshwater used in the industry is consumed in cooling towers.
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